The balance between on- and off-site delivery
It is important that built-up areas include greenspace, which provides numerous benefits to both wildlife and society. Gardens, green roofs, amenity grassland and other urban greenspaces can act as stepping stones for wildlife moving across villages, towns and cities, and opportunistic species such as foxes and common pipistrelle bats can thrive in these areas. However, species more sensitive to anthropogenic pressures e.g. human disturbance, noise, and light pollution often avoid these areas.
Urban greenspace provides access to nature for local communities, which is known to have health and wellbeing benefits, as well as other ecosystem services such as sustainable drainage systems, temperature regulation, and improved air quality.
Therefore, where an area is lacking in greenspace, there is undoubtedly significant benefits to prioritising the delivery of habitat creation in that area and new developments implementing BNG on-site can serve this purpose. Though it is important to recognise that this is not principally delivering benefits for biodiversity.
To truly maximise biodiversity, we turn to the Lawton Review published in 2010, which emphasises the importance of bigger, better, and more joined up areas for nature. The upcoming Nature Recovery Network (NRN) and Local Nature Recovery Strategies (LNRS) have been developed to provide a roadmap for the optimal delivery of nature recovery across England and are expected to influence the delivery of BNG.
The LNRS will provide information on environmental priorities and local nature recovery maps that will contribute to the national NRN. It is expected that the NRN will include existing environmentally designated sites and river tributaries and the areas surrounding and linking these, with the aim of creating a network of connected habitats that buffer and expand areas of ecological value. Restoring a network of habitats will promote the movement of flora and fauna across the landscape and improve the resilience of ecosystems.
The LNRS will enable informed decisions to be made on the type and location of environmental initiatives across the region to maximise environmental outcomes in the most ecologically strategic locations. This links to the delivery of BNG, particularly when deciding where off-site BNG should be delivered.
The establishment of habitat banks located in the NRN and of a landscape scale are expected to provide the most meaningful and sustainable increase in biodiversity across the country, as they allow for a whole ecosystem approach to nature recovery and are designed with a long-term, comprehensive habitat management and monitoring plan. Fundamentally, the primary purpose of habitat banks is to support increased biodiversity, though it is worth noting that they will also contribute to wider ecosystem services such as improved soil quality, water attenuation, air quality improvement, amenity value, etc.
Habitat restoration across large areas also benefits from economies of scale, enabling BNG to be delivered most cost-effectively through concentrating resources in a core area rather than across a patchwork of sites. It is expected that such focused schemes will also be better placed to deliver highquality habitats that truly maximise the environmental outcomes.
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